" Ushas LEDMA " is otherwise known as Lead dioxide metal anode (PbO₂ anodes). Lead Dioxide Anodes are well known traditional industrial anodes for bromate / per bromate / iodate / sulphate / per sulphate / chlorate / perchlorate production.

Lead dioxide anode is an economical alternative to the platinized anode. PbO2 anodes are mainly used in the electrolytic production of per chlorates and chlorates.

These lead dioxide anodes are produced by coating lead dioxide on a substrate material by means of electrodeposition method.

According to the substrate material used, PbO₂ anodes are classified as :

• Titanium substrage lead dioxide anode
• Graphite substrate lead dioxide anode
• Ceramic substrate lead dioxide anode
• Substrate-less lead dioxide anodes etc

Graphite substrate lead dioxide anode can be used in sodium / potassium chlorate and sodium / potassium Perchlorate Cell( electrolyzer ) instead of platinum anodes, but if chromates are dichromates are present in the cells ( electrolyzer ) then the current efficiency will be reduced drastically.

 Graphite Substrate Lead Dioxide Anode (Gsld Anode)

GSLD anodes are prepared by electrolytically coating lead dioxide on a graphite substrate. This substrate is cheap and gives reliable electrical connection. But if the coating fails, the substrate material will be destroyed very quickly.

 Ceramic Substrate & Substrate-Less Lead Dioxide Anode

Ceramic PbO₂ anodes are easy to make and the substrate material last for ever. But its electrical properties are very poor.

Substrate-less PbO₂ anodes are very brittle & fragile, also having very poor electrical conductivity.

Titanium Substrate Lead Dioxide Anode

Titanium substrate lead dioxide anodes are prepared by electrolytically coating lead dioxide on a titanium substrate. Due to the superior chemical and physical properties of Titanium, Ti substrate PbO₂ anodes are comparatively performing better than other lead dioxide metal anodes.